Socho ek second ke liye tum kaun ho? Tumhari aankhon ka rang, tumhare baalon ki banawat, tumhari qad, tumhara chehra yeh sab kahan se aaya? Kuch tumhare maa baap se aaya, kuch unke maa baap se, aur kuch unse bhi pehle ke logon se. Lekin yeh sab kuch transfer kaise hota hai? Ek generation se doosri generation tak yeh sab kuch kaise pohanchta hai?
Jawab hai DNA.
DNA woh khoofiya code hai jo har zinda cheez mein hota hai insaan mein, janwar mein, paudhon mein, yahan tak ke bacteria mein bhi. Yeh itna chhota hai ke aankhon se nahi dikh sakta, lekin itna powerful hai ke poori zindagi ka nizam isi se chalta hai. Aaj hum is ajeeb aur dilchasp cheez ko asaan zaban mein samjhenge.
DNA Ka Matlab Kya Hai?
DNA ka poora naam hai Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Yeh naam sunne mein mushkil lagta hai, lekin ghabrao mat hum ise seedha DNA hi kahenge.
Ek asaan misaal lo: soch lo ke tumhara jism ek badi factory hai. Is factory mein hazaron kaam hote hain khana hazm karna, saans lena, khoon banana, dard mehsoos karna, sochna. Yeh sab kaam karne ke liye workers chahiye aur woh workers hain proteins. Aur DNA woh instruction manual hai jo batata hai ke kaunsi protein kab aur kaise banani hai.
Har cheez ka jawab DNA mein hai tumhara rang, tumhari height, tumhari aankhein, tumhari sehat sab DNA se tay hota hai.
DNA Dikhta Kaise Hai?
DNA ek lambi, pechdar sirhii ki tarah hota hai jise scientists Double Helix kehte hain. Do lambi chains ek doosre ke gird lipti hoti hain bilkul do saanp ek doosre ke gird lipte hon us tarah.
Yeh chains chhoti chhoti chezon se bani hoti hain jinhe Nucleotides kehte hain. Har nucleotide mein ek khaas hissa hota hai jise Base kehte hain. Yeh bases sirf chaar qisam ke hote hain:
- A : Adenine
- T : Thymine
- G : Guanine
- C : Cytosine
Bas yahi chaar letters A, T, G, C. Lekin inhi chaar letters ki alag alag tartib se poori zindagi ka code likha gaya hai. Jaise Urdu mein sirf kuch huroof hain lekin unse lakhon alfaaz bante hain bilkul aise hi in chaar letters se insaan ka poora blueprint bana hua hai.
Insaan ke DNA mein yeh letters kitni baar aate hain jaante ho? 3 Arab baar. Agar insaan ka poora DNA seedha kar diya jaaye, toh woh itna lamba hoga ke Zameen se Suraj tak do baar ja sake aur wapas aa sake. Aur yeh sab ek chhoti si cell mein band hai jise dekhne ke liye microscope chahiye.
DNA Kahan Hota Hai?
DNA hamare jism ki har cell mein hota hai. Aur hamare jism mein cells ki tadaad hai 37 Trillion. Yahan tak ke ek aansu ki boond mein, ek baal mein, ek khoon ki boond mein sab mein DNA hota hai.
Har cell ke andar ek chhota sa hissa hota hai jise Nucleus kehte hain yeh cell ka control room hai. Aur is nucleus mein DNA band hota hai, chromosomes ki shakal mein. Insaan mein 46 chromosomes hote hain 23 maa se aate hain aur 23 baap se. Yahi wajah hai ke tum mein dono ki khasiyatein hoti hain.
Genes Kya Hote Hain?
DNA ka ek khaas hissa jo kisi kaam ki instruction deta hai use Gene kehte hain. Insaan ke DNA mein lagbhag 20,000 genes hain. Har gene kuch khaas kaam karta hai koi aankhon ka rang tay karta hai, koi qad tay karta hai, koi yeh tay karta hai ke tumhara blood group kya hoga.
Genes ko samjho aise: agar DNA ek poori library hai, toh genes us library ki individual kitaabein hain. Har kitaab ek khaas topic par hai aur jism us kitaab ko padh kar kaam karta hai.
Lekin ek interesting baat sirf 2 percent DNA genes se bana hai. Baaki 98 percent ka kaam scientists abhi bhi poori tarah samjh rahe hain. Pehle socha jaata tha ke yeh junk DNA hai bekar hissa. Lekin ab pata chal raha hai ke is mein bhi bohot kuch chuupa hua hai jo abhi samajhna baaki hai.
DNA Aur Warasat Maa Baap Se Bachon Tak
Yeh baat tum ne zaroor notice ki hogi ke kuch bachay bilkul baap jaisa dikhte hain, kuch maa jaisa, aur kuch dono jaisa. Yeh DNA ki wajah se hota hai.
Jab maa aur baap ke cells milte hain yaani jab naya bachaa banta hai toh maa ke 23 chromosomes aur baap ke 23 chromosomes mil kar 46 ban jaate hain. In dono se aane wale genes mix hote hain aur ek bilkul naya combination banta hai jo pehle kabhi nahi tha aur shayad phir kabhi nahi hoga.
Isiliye ek hi maa baap ke do bachay ek doosre se alag hote hain unka DNA mix alag hua, toh nataij alag nikle. Lekin kuch cheezein phir bhi milti julti hoti hain kyunke kuch genes dominant hote hain. Maslan aankhon ka rang agar baap ki aankhein brown hain aur maa ki green, toh brown aankhon wala gene zyada asar dalta hai. Ise Dominant Gene kehte hain.
DNA Aur Bimariyan
DNA sirf khasiyatein hi transfer nahi karta kuch bimariyan bhi DNA ke zariye ek generation se doosri mein ja sakti hain. Inhe Genetic Diseases kehte hain.
Agar DNA mein koi galti ho ek letter galat jagah par ho, ya koi hissa missing ho toh woh cell sahi tarah kaam nahi karti. Kuch cases mein yeh sirf chhooti si problem hoti hai, lekin kuch cases mein yeh badi bimari ban jaati hai.
Maslan Sickle Cell Anemia jis mein khoon ke cells ka shape galat ho jaata hai. Ya Cystic Fibrosis jis mein phephrон mein mucus jama hone lagta hai. Yeh dono genetic diseases hain DNA mein kisi ek jagah ki galti ki wajah se.
Lekin achhi khabar yeh hai ke scientists ab DNA ko seedha edit karne ki technology par kaam kar rahe hain jise CRISPR kehte hain. Yeh technology ek molecular scissors ki tarah kaam karti hai jo DNA ki galat jagah ko theek kar sakti hai. Abhi yeh research mein hai, lekin mustaqbil mein yeh genetic bimariyon ka ilaj ban sakti hai.
DNA Testing Apni Pehchaan Jaanno
Aaj kal DNA testing bohot common ho gayi hai. Ek chhoti si saliva sample se yaani thook se lab mein tumhara poora genetic profile nikaala ja sakta hai.
Yeh testing kaafi kamon mein aati hai:
Jinayati Taftish mein Agar koi crime scene par baal ya khoon ki ek boond chhoRh jaaye, toh usse uski identity pata ki ja sakti hai. DNA fingerprint har insaan ka alag hota hai sirf identical twins ko chhoRh kar. Isiliye yeh court mein bhi evidence ke taur par use hota hai.
Ancestry Jaanne ke liye Kai companies ab DNA test karke bata sakti hain ke tumhare purkhe kahan se the. Kuch log ko pata chala ke woh sochte the ke woh poori tarah Pakistani hain lekin DNA mein Central Asian ya Arab ancestry bhi thi.
Bimariyon ka Risk Jaanne ke liye Kuch DNA tests bata sakte hain ke tumhe future mein kaun si bimari hone ka zyada chance hai jisse tum pehle se احتیاط kar sako.
DNA Aur Evolution Sab Ka Rishta
Ek aur dilchasp baat DNA ne hamen yeh bhi bataya ke insaan aur baaki zinda cheezein aapas mein kitni gehri tarah se judi hain.
Insaan ka DNA aur chimpanzee ka DNA 98.7 percent same hai. Matlab sirf 1.3 percent ka farq hai hum mein aur bandar mein. Insaan aur kela haan, kela unka DNA bhi 60 percent same hai. Yeh sunne mein ajeeb lagta hai lekin yeh sach hai.
Yeh isliye hai kyunke sab zinda cheezein ek common ancestor se aayi hain bahut bahut pehle. Evolution ke zariye alag alag cheezein banti gaien, lekin bunyadi DNA machinery wahi rahi. Isiliye ek kele aur ek insaan mein itna same DNA hai kyunke basic cell functions sab mein same hain.
DNA Ka Mustaqbil
Science DNA ke baare mein roz naya kuch seekh rahi hai. CRISPR technology se genetic bimariyon ka ilaj, DNA storage se data save karna haan, scientists DNA mein computer data bhi store kar chuke hain aur personalized medicine jahan har insaan ka ilaj uske DNA ke mutabiq ho.
Ek din shayad doctor tumhara DNA dekh kar pehle se bata sake ke tumhe kya bimari hone ka chance hai, aur woh dawai do jo specifically tumhare genes ke liye banai gayi ho. Yeh sab abhi research mein hai, lekin door nahi lagta.
Aakhri Baat
DNA woh zubaan hai jis mein zindagi likhi gayi hai chaar simple letters mein, 3 Arab baar, ek molecule mein jo aankhon se nahi dikhhti. Ek seb se ek seb paida hona, ek insaan mein maa baap ki jhalak aana, ek bimari ka ek generation se doosri mein jaana yeh sab usi invisible code ki karigari hai.
Tum jo ho tumhari aankhein, tumhari muskaan, tumhara andaaz yeh sab ek unique code hai jo poori tawareeq mein sirf ek baar likha gaya. Tumhare jaise DNA wala insaan na pehle kabhi tha, na aage kabhi hoga.
Yeh sochna hi apne aap mein ek ajeeb aur khoobsurat ehsaas hai.
source: Urdu Science Channel
Agar aap gravity ke baare mein aur gehra jaanna chahte hain ke yeh taaqat kaam kaise karti hai, Black Holes kya hain, aur Einstein ne kya discover kiya toh hamara yeh article zaroor parhein: Gravity Kya Hai